Whisk together the flour, baking soda, salt, ginger, cinnamon, allspice, and cloves. Set aside.
Beat the softened butter until smooth, then add the brown sugar and molasses and beat until creamy, scraping the bowl as needed.
Add the egg and vanilla extract and beat for 2 minutes, scraping the bowl halfway through.
Add the flour mixture on low speed until just combined. The dough will look thick and slightly sticky; if using a hand mixer and it looks uncombined, finish bringing it together with your hands.
Divide the dough in half, wrap each half in plastic, flatten into discs, and chill for at least 3 hours, up to 3 days.
On a well-floured surface, roll one disc to 1/4-inch thick. If the dough cracks, ball it up and knead briefly with your hands until smooth. Cut shapes, place 1 inch apart on a lined baking sheet, and re-roll scraps.
Bake at 350°F for 9 to 10 minutes, using about 8 minutes for cutters under 4 inches and 11 minutes for larger ones. Rotate the pan halfway through.
Cool for 5 minutes on the sheet, then transfer to a wire rack to cool completely before decorating.